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From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44 [gcide]:
Philosopher \Phi*los"o*pher\, noun [OE. philosophre, F. philosophe, L. philosophus, Gr. ?; ? loving + ? wise. Cf. {Philosophy}.]
1. One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy.
Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him. --Acts xvii. 18.
2. One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness.
3. An alchemist. [Obs.] --Chaucer.
{Philosopher's stone}, an imaginary stone which the alchemists formerly sought as instrument of converting the baser metals into gold.
From WordNet (r) 2.0 [wn]:
philosopher
noun
1: a specialist in philosophy
2: a wise person who is calm and rational; someone who lives a life of reason with equanimity
From Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0 [moby-thes]:
265 Moby Thesaurus words for "philosopher": Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Albinus, Alexander, Anaxagoras, Anselm, Averroist, Bacon, Berkeleian, Berkeley, Boethius, Bonaventure, Boodin, Bosanquet, Bowne, Broad, Bruno, Cartesian, Chubb, Cicero, Comtist, Condillac, Condorcet, Confucius, Cousin, Croce, Cynic, Cyrenaic, Drake, Eleatic, Epicurean, Eretrian, Euhemerus, Fechner, Feigl, Ferdinand, Fichtean, Frege, Fullerton, Gentile, Gilson, Green, Haeckel, Hahn, Haldane, Harris, Hartmann, Hegel, Hegelian, Heidegger, Heideggerian, Heraclitean, Heraclitus, Herbart, Herbartian, Herder, Hobbes, Holt, Howison, Hume, Humist, Husserl, Husserlian, Hutcheson, John, Kantian, Kierkegaard, Kierkegaardian, La Mettrie, Langer, Leibniz, Leibnizian, Leucippus, Locke, Lotze, Lovejoy, Lucretius, Mach, Marx, Marxist, Mead, Megarian, Mencius, Mill, Moore, Moses, Neo-Hegelian, Neo-Pythagorean, Neoplatonist, Ockham, Ortega y Gasset, Paley, Parmenidean, Parmenides, Pascal, Peripatetic, Perry, Philo, Plato, Platonist, Plotinus, Porphyry, Pratt, Pritchard, Protagoras, Pyrrho, Pyrrhonist, Pythagoras, Pythagorean, Reid, Reynaud, Roger, Rogers, Ross, Rousseau, Royce, Russell, Samuel, Santayana, Sartre, Sartrian, Scheler, Schelling, Schiller, Schleiermacher, Schlick, Scholastic, Schopenhauer, Scotist, Sellars, Socrates, Socratist, Sophist, Spencerian, Spinozist, Stern, Stoic, Strong, Thales, Thomas Aquinas, Thomist, Whitehead, Wittgensteinian, academician, agnostic, animist, authority, bookman, casuist, classicist, clerk, colossus of knowledge, cosmologist, cosmotheist, deist, dialectical materialist, dialectician, doctor, dualist, eclectic, egoist, elder, elder statesman, empiricist, essentialist, existentialist, genius, giant of learning, great soul, guru, hedonist, humanist, hylomorphist, hylotheist, hylozoist, idealist, illuminate, immaterialist, individualist, intellect, intellectual, intuitionist, learned clerk, learned man, literary man, litterateur, logical empiricist, logicaster, logician, logistician, lover of learning, lover of wisdom, mahatma, man of intellect, man of learning, man of letters, man of wisdom, mandarin, master, mastermind, materialist, mechanist, mentalist, mentor, metaphysician, mine of information, monist, mystic, naturalist, nominalist, ontologist, oracle, organic mechanist, organicist, panpsychist, pantheist, philologist, philologue, philomath, philosophaster, philosophe, philosophizer, physicist, polyhistor, polymath, positivist, pragmatist, psychist, pundit, rabbi, ratiocinator, rationalist, rationalizer, realist, reasoner, rishi, sage, sapient, savant, scholar, scholastic, schoolman, secular humanist, seer, sensationalist, sensist, skeptic, sophist, speculator, starets, student, substantialist, syllogist, syllogizer, syncretist, theist, thinker, transcendentalist, utilitarian, vitalist, voluntarist, walking encyclopedia, wise man, wise old man, zetetic
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